1. Minorities Commission Reports, 1998-1999, p.138.
2. Minorities India, Newsletter of National Commission for Minorities, 1(Spring 1997), p.4.
3. H.M. Seervai, Constitutional Law of India (Bombay: N.M.Tripathi Private Limited, 1993), Vol.2, 4 th edn., p.1317.

4. Melissa S. Williams, "Memory, History and Membership: The Moral Claims of Marginalised Groups in Political Representation", in Juha Raikka, ed., Do We Need Minority Rights , p.86.
5. ibid., pp. 92-93.
6. Shelby Steele, The Content of Our Character (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990) pp. 153, 151.
7. W.E.B.DuBois, Darkwater:Voices from Within the Veil (New York: Schocken Books, 1969) p.44.
8. Melissa, p.97.
9. ibid., pp.100-101.
10. William Julius Wilson, The Declining Significance of Race, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
11. William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and public Policy, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
12. Mary R. Jackman and Michael J. Muha, "Education and Intergroup Attitudes," American Sociological Review, Vol.49, 1984, p.760.
13. Robert B. Hill, "Structural Discrimination: The Unintended Consequences of Institutional Processes", in Hubert J. O'Gorman, ed., Surveying Social Life: Papers in Honor of Herbert H. Hyman (Middletown, CT.: Wesleyan University Press, 1988) pp. 367-68.
14. Melissa S. Williams, "Justice Towards Groups Political Not Juridical", Political Theory, Vol. 23, No.1, February 1995, 72.
15. Susan Moller Okin, Justice, Gender and the Family (New York: Basic Books, 1989).
16. ibid., p.106.
17. Melissa S. Williams, "Justice Towards Groups", p.74.
18. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
19. Melissa, "Justice Towards Groups", p.79.
20. Elizabeth V. Spelman, Inessential Woman: Problems of Exclusion in Feminist Thought (Boston: Beacon, 1988).
21. Nirja Gopal Jayal, "Introduction:Situating Indian Demoracy", Democracy in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001) p.24.
22. Ashis Nandy, "The Political Culture of the Indian State", Daedalus, Vol.118, No. 4, fall 1989, p.10.
23. Raju Rajagopal, “A letter to chachaji about the Gujarat riots”, The Hindu, 26 March 2002, p. OB-1.
24. V. R. Krishna Iyer, “The Gujarat Syndrome”, The Hindu, 13 May 2002, p.12.

25. Arshi Khan, "Situating Riots, Communal Consciousness and the Culture of Exclusion in India's Liberal Democracy", Social Action (Special Issue on Communal Violence and Nation Building), Vol. 52, No. 3, July-September 2002, pp. 258-272; “Beyond Federalism and Constitutionalism: The Painful Politics and Implications of Communal Consciousness in Gujarat”, Mainstream, Vol.40, 7 September 2002, pp. 27-29.
26. Iqbal Ansari, “Partisan Police” The Times of India, 16 April 2002, p. 12.
27. ibid.
28. ibid.
29. ibid.
30. Akshaya Mukul, The Times of India, 3 March 2002, p.5.
31. ibid.
32. ibid.
33. Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the communal Disturbances at Bhiwandi, Jalgaon and Mahad in May 1970 by Justice D.P. Madon, Vol.III, Part III (Bombay, n.d), p.13.
34. News Report--"39 acquitted in Bhagalpur riot case", The Hindu, 18 March 2002, p.5.
35. P.B. D'sa, "Police Atrocities at Katipalla: Muslims Treated as Anti-national Enemies", Human Rights Today (New Delhi), Vol. IV, No.1, Jan-Mr, 2002, p.13.
36. Arshi Khan, “Federalism and Nonterritorial Minorities in India”, in G.Alan tarr, Robert F. Williams and Josef Marko, eds., Federalism, Subnational Constituions and Minority Rights, (Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger, 2004, pp. 199-212.
37. Paul R. Brass, “Development of an Institutionalised Riot System in Meerut City, 1961 to 1982”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXIX No. 44, October 30-November 5, 2004, p. 4849.
38. Arshi Khan, Muslims’ Pogrom in Bhagalpur, 1989, unpublished paper.
39. Rasheeduddin Khan, Bewildered India, Identity, Pluralism, Discord (New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications, 1994), p.208.
40. ibid.
41. "Muslim Factor in India", The Times of India, 16 February 1993.
42. Anne Phoenix, "Dealing with difference: the recursive and the new", Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol.21 No.5, September 1998, p.861.
43. Rasheeduddin Khan, Bewildered India, p. 225.
44. Mentioned in the Proceedings of the National Human Rights Commission released in early April, based on earlier Proceedings of the Commission dated 1 and 6 March 2002 and the visit of the its Chairperson to Gujarat between 19-22 March 2002.
45. Amartya Sen, “Forward”, in Rafiq Zakari, Communal Rage in Secular India (Mumbai, 2002), vii.
46. ibid., viii.
47. Rafiq Zakaria, Communal Rage in Secular India, (Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 2002), p. xviii.
48. Celia W. Dugger, "Hindus Kill 60 Muslims in Riots in Western India", The New York Times, 1 March 2002; other Indian national dailies such as The Times of India, The Hindustan Times, The Hindu, Rashtriya Sahara (Urdu); private TV channels in India.
49. The Times of India (New Delhi) March 3, 2002, p.1.
50. Akshay Mukul, "Riot after riot, police play negative role," The Times of India, 3 March 2002, p.5.
51. Manas Dasgupta, "Shoot orders in many Gujarat towns," The Hindu (New Delhi) 2 March 2002, p.1.

52. "Genocide in the land of Gandhi," The Hindu, March 10, 2002, p.17.
53. Rathin Das, "Police indulgence towards Sangh led to carnage", The Hindustan Times, 4 March 2002, p. 11.
54. Anjali Mody, The Hindu, 10 March 2002, p. 16.
55. The Hindu, 2March 2002, p. 10.
56. Lucian W. Pye, “The Non-Western Political Process,” Journal of Politics 20. No. 3 (August 1958), p. 469.
57. Justice P.B. Sawant, “The Constitution and reservation”, The Hindu, (New Delhi) 2 July 2003, Opinion page.
58. ibid.
59. ibid.